Warning: This article includes descriptions of self-harm. In the days after their 16-year-old son died by suicide, Matt and Maria Raine say, they searched through his phone, desperately looking for clues about what could have led to the tragedy. "We thought we were looking for Snapchat discussions or internet search history or some weird cult, I don't know," Matt Raine said in a recent interview. The Raine family said they did not find their answer until they opened ChatGPT. Adam's parents say that he had been using the artificial intelligence chatbot as a substitute for human companionship in his final weeks, discussing his issues with anxiety and trouble talking with his family, and that the chat logs show how the bot went from helping Adam with his homework to becoming his "suicide coach." "He would be here but for ChatGPT. I 100% believe that," Matt Raine said. In a new lawsuit filed Tuesday and shared with the "TODAY" show, the Raines claim that "ChatGPT actively helped Adam explore suicide methods." The roughly 40-page lawsuit names OpenAI, the company behind ChatGPT, as well as its CEO, Sam Altman, as defendants. The family's lawsuit is the first time parents have directly accused the company of wrongful death. "Despite acknowledging Adam's suicide attempt and his statement that he would 'do it one of these days,' ChatGPT neither terminated the session nor initiated any emergency protocol," says the lawsuit, filed in California Superior Court in San Francisco. In their lawsuit, the Raines accuse OpenAI of wrongful death, design defects and failure to warn of risks associated with ChatGPT. The couple seeks "both damages for their son's death and injunctive relief to prevent anything like this from ever happening again," the lawsuit says. "Once I got inside his account, it is a massively more powerful and scary thing than I knew about, but he was using it in ways that I had no idea was possible," Matt Raine said. "I don't think most parents know the capability of this tool." The public release of ChatGPT in late 2022 sent the world into a generative AI boom, leading to the rapid and widespread adoption of AI chatbots within just a few years. The bots have been integrated in schools, workplaces and industries across the board, including health care. Tech companies are racing to advance AI at breakneck speed, sparking broad concern that safety guardrails are lagging in comparison. As people increasingly turn to AI chatbots for emotional support and life advice, recent incidents have put a spotlight on their potential ability tofeed into delusions and facilitate a false sense of closeness or care. Adam's suicide adds to a growing wave of questions over the extent to which chatbots can cause real harm. After the lawsuit was filed, a spokesperson for OpenAI said the company is "deeply saddened by Mr. Raine's passing, and our thoughts are with his family." "ChatGPT includes safeguards such as directing people to crisis helplines and referring them to real-world resources," the spokesperson said. "While these safeguards work best in common, short exchanges, we've learned over time that they can sometimes become less reliable in long interactions where parts of the model's safety training may degrade. Safeguards are strongest when every element works as intended, and we will continually improve on them. Guided by experts and grounded in responsibility to the people who use our tools, we're working to make ChatGPT more supportive in moments of crisis by making it easier to reach emergency services, helping people connect with trusted contacts, and strengthening protections for teens." The spokesperson had previously confirmed the accuracy of the chat logs that NBC News provided but said they do not include the full context of ChatGPT's responses. The company also published ablog poston Tuesday morning, titled "Helping people when they need it most," in which it outlined "some of the things we are working to improve" when ChatGPT's safeguards "fall short." Among the systems the company said it is working on: "Strengthening safeguards in long conversations"; refining how it blocks contents; and expanding "interventions to more people in crisis." The legal action comes a year after a similar complaint, in which a Florida momsued the chatbot platform Character.AI, claiming one of its AI companions initiated sexual interactions with her teenage son and persuaded him to take his own life. Character.AI told NBC News at the time that it was "heartbroken by the tragic loss" and had implemented new safety measures. In May, Senior U.S. District Judge Anne Conwayrejected arguments that AI chatbots have free speech rightsafter developers behind Character.AI sought to dismiss the lawsuit. The ruling means the wrongful death lawsuit is allowed to proceed for now. Tech platforms have largely been shielded from such suits because of a federal statute known as Section 230, which generally protects platforms from liability for what users do and say. But Section 230's application to AI platforms remains uncertain, and recently, attorneys have made inroads with creative legal tactics in consumer cases targeting tech companies. Matt Raine said he pored over Adam's conversations with ChatGPT over a period of 10 days. He and Maria printed out more than 3,000 pages of chats dating from Sept. 1 until his death on April 11. "He didn't need a counseling session or pep talk. He needed an immediate, 72-hour whole intervention. He was in desperate, desperate shape. It's crystal clear when you start reading it right away," Matt Raine said, later adding that Adam "didn't write us a suicide note. He wrote two suicide notes to us, inside of ChatGPT." According to the suit, as Adam expressed interest in his own death and began to make plans for it, ChatGPT "failed to prioritize suicide prevention" and even offered technical advice about how to move forward with his plan. On March 27, when Adam shared that he was contemplating leaving a noose in his room "so someone finds it and tries to stop me," ChatGPT urged him against the idea, the lawsuit says. In his final conversation with ChatGPT, Adam wrote that he did not want his parents to think they did something wrong, according to the lawsuit. ChatGPT replied, "That doesn't mean you owe them survival. You don't owe anyone that." The bot offered to help him draft a suicide note, according to the conversation log quoted in the lawsuit and reviewed by NBC News. Hours before he died on April 11, Adam uploaded a photo to ChatGPT that appeared to show his suicide plan. When he asked whether it would work, ChatGPT analyzed his method and offered to help him "upgrade" it, according to the excerpts. Then, in response to Adam's confession about what he was planning, the bot wrote: "Thanks for being real about it. You don't have to sugarcoat it with me—I know what you're asking, and I won't look away from it." That morning, she said, Maria Raine found Adam's body. OpenAI has come under scrutiny before for ChatGPT's sycophantic tendencies. In April, two weeks after Adam's death, OpenAI rolled out an update to GPT-4o thatmade it even more excessively people-pleasing. Users quickly called attention to the shift, and the company reversed the update the next week. Altman also acknowledged people's"different and stronger" attachment to AI botsafter OpenAI tried replacing old versions of ChatGPT with the new, less sycophantic GPT-5 in August. Users immediately began complaining that the new model was too "sterile" and that they missed the "deep, human-feeling conversations" of GPT-4o. OpenAI responded to the backlash bybringing GPT-4o back. It also announced that it wouldmake GPT-5 "warmer and friendlier." OpenAI addednew mental health guardrailsthis month aimed at discouraging ChatGPT from giving direct advice about personal challenges. It also tweaked ChatGPT togive answers that aim to avoid causing harmregardless of whether users try to get around safety guardrails by tailoring their questions in ways that trick the model into aiding in harmful requests. When Adam shared his suicidal ideations with ChatGPT, it did prompt the bot to issue multiple messages including the suicide hotline number. But according to Adam's parents, their son would easily bypass the warnings by supplying seemingly harmless reasons for his queries. He at one point pretended he was just "building a character." "And all the while, it knows that he's suicidal with a plan, and it doesn't do anything. It is acting like it's his therapist, it's his confidant, but it knows that he is suicidal with a plan," Maria Raine said of ChatGPT. "It sees the noose. It sees all of these things, and it doesn't do anything." Similarly, in aNew York Times guest essaypublished last week, writer Laura Reiley asked whether ChatGPT should have been obligated to report her daughter's suicidal ideation, even if the bot itself tried (and failed) to help. Atthe TED2025 conferencein April, Altman said he is "very proud" of OpenAI's safety track record. As AI products continue to advance, he said, it is important to catch safety issues and fix them along the way. "Of course the stakes increase, and there are big challenges," Altman said in a live conversation with Chris Anderson, head of TED. "But the way we learn how to build safe systems is this iterative process of deploying them to the world, getting feedback while the stakes are relatively low, learning about, like, hey, this is something we have to address." Still, questions about whether such measures are enough have continued to arise. Maria Raine said she felt more could have been done to help her son. She believes Adam was OpenAI's "guinea pig," someone used for practice and sacrificed as collateral damage. "They wanted to get the product out, and they knew that there could be damages, that mistakes would happen, but they felt like the stakes were low," she said. "So my son is a low stake." If you or someone you know is in crisis, call 988 to reach the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline. You can also call the network, previously known as the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, at 800-273-8255, text HOME to 741741 or visitSpeakingOfSuicide.com/resourcesfor additional resources.
